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The time taken is independent of the number of characters that match. For the sake of simplicity, this function executes in constant time only when the two strings have the same length. It short-circuits when they have different lengths. """ if len(val1) != len(val2): return False result = 0 for x, y in zip(val1, val2): result |= ord(x) ^ ord(y) return result == 0 def add_base64_padding(b): '''Add padding to base64 encoded bytes. Padding can be removed when sending the messages. @param b bytes to be padded. @return a padded bytes. ''' return b + b'=' * (-len(b) % 4) def raw_b64decode(s): if '_' or '-' in s: return raw_urlsafe_b64decode(s) else: return base64.b64decode(add_base64_padding(s)) def raw_urlsafe_b64decode(s): '''Base64 decode with added padding and conversion to bytes. @param s string decode @return bytes decoded ''' return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(add_base64_padding(s.encode('utf-8'))) def raw_urlsafe_b64encode(b): '''Base64 encode with padding removed. @param s string decode @return bytes decoded ''' return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b).rstrip(b'=')