ÿØÿà JFIF 

  
 
  ÿÛ „ 	 ( %"1!%)+...383,7(-.+




-+++--++++---+-+-----+---------------+---+-++7-----ÿÀ  ß â
" 

ÿÄ   

           
 ÿÄ H 
     
 !1AQaq"‘¡2B±ÁÑð#R“Ò Tbr‚²á3csƒ’ÂñDS¢³$CÿÄ 
 


            
ÿÄ %

 
       
!1AQa"23‘ÿÚ 
  ? ôÿ ¨pŸªáÿ —åYõõ\?àÒü©ŠÄï¨pŸªáÿ —åYõõ\?àÓü©ŠÄá 0Ÿªáÿ Ÿå[úƒ	ú®ði~TÁb
qÐ8OÕpÿ ƒOò¤Oè`–RÂáœá™êi€ßÉ< FtŸI“öÌ8úDf´°å}“¾œ6
öFá°y¥jñÇh†ˆ¢ã/ÃÐ:ªcÈ
"Y¡ðÑl>ÿ ”ÏËte:qž\oäŠe÷󲍷˜HT4&ÿ ÓÐü6ö®¿øþßèô	Ÿ•7Ñi’•j|“ñì>b…þS?*Óôÿ ÓÐü*h¥£ír¶ü UãSç‚Ÿ[AÐaè[ûª•õ&õj?†Éö+EzP—WeÒírJFt	‘BŒ†Ï‡%#tE Øz ¥OÛ«!1›üä±Í™%º<!vB™'èÔ6´Ña¿«e`Àà0U[-ÂБ4)M÷YK*³hï÷%ÎÎkÇ«m‘-íWŽLsã?nÂ~«†üö®þ¡ÂlÃaÿ ‰ÿ l©°Õ¥ åÜá¿r ºL[Çâ°(Çè'Vãôl8´ÏRÀvLvPõ:…ÙNçF™÷ë>Íãö]°î(–:@<‹ŒÊö×òÆt¦ãº+‡¦%ÌÁ²h´OƒJŒtMÜ>ÀÜÊw3
Y´•牋4ǍýʏTì>œú=Íwhyë,¾Ôò×õ¿ßÊa»«þˆѪQ|%6ž™A	õ%:øj<>É—ÿ Å_ˆCbõ¥š±ý¯Ýƒï…¶|RëócÍf溪“t.СøTÿ *Ä¿-{†çàczůŽ_–^XþŒ±miB[X±d 1,é”zEù»&
î9gœf™9Ð'.;—™i}!ôšåîqêÛ٤ёý£½ÆA–àôe"A$˝Úsäÿ 
÷Û	#°xŸëí(l
	 »ý3—¥5m!
rt`†0~'j2(]S¦¦kv,ÚÇl¦øJA£Šƒ
J3E8ÙiŽ:cÉžúeZ°€¯\®kÖ(79«Ž:¯X”¾³Š&¡* ….‰Ž(ÜíŸ2¥ª‡×Hi²TF¤ò[¨íÈRëÉ䢍mgÑ.Ÿ<öäS0í„ǹÁU´f#Vß;Õ–…P@3ío<ä-±»Ž.L|kªÀê›fÂ6@»eu‚|ÓaÞÆŸ…¨ááå>åŠ?cKü6ùTÍÆ”†sĤÚ;H2RÚ†õ\Ö·Ÿn'¾ ñ#ºI¤Å´%çÁ­‚â7›‹qT3Iï¨Ö
Ú5I7Ë!ÅOóŸ¶øÝñØôת¦$Tcö‘[«Ö³šÒ';Aþ ¸èíg
A2Z
"i¸vdÄ÷.iõ®§)¿]¤À†–‡É&ä{V¶iŽ”.Ó×Õÿ û?h¬Mt–íª[ÿ Ñÿ ÌV(í}=ibÔ¡›¥¢±b
 Lô¥‡piη_Z<‡z§èŒ)iÖwiÇ 2hÙ3·=’d÷8éŽ1¦¸c¤µ€7›7Ø	ð\á)}	¹fËí›pAÃL%âc2 í§æQz¿;T8sæ°qø)QFMð‰XŒÂ±
N¢aF¨…8¯!U		Z©RÊ ÖPVÄÀÍin™Ì-GˆªÅËŠ›•zË}º±ŽÍFò¹}Uw×#ä5B¤{î}Ð<ÙD
é©¤&‡ïDbàÁôMÁ."
¤‡ú*õ'VŽ|¼´Úgllº¼klz[Æüï÷Aób‡Eÿ dÑ»Xx9ÃÜ£ÁT/`¼¸vI±Ýµ·Ë‚“G³þ*Ÿû´r|*}<¨îºœ @¦mÄ’M¹”.œ«Y–|6ÏU¤jç¥ÕÞqO
˜kDÆÁ¨5ÿ š;Њ¦¦€GÙk \
	–Þ=â¼=SͧµªS°ÚÍpÜãQűÀõ¬?ÃÁ1Ñ•õZà?hóœ€
L¦l{Y*K˜Ù›zc˜–ˆâø+¾	­-Ök¥%ùEÜA'}ˆ><ÊIè“bpÍ/qÞâvoX€w,\úªò6Z[XdÒæ­@Ö—€$òJí#é>'°Ú
ôª˜<)4ryÙ£|óAÅn5žêŸyÒäMÝ2{"}‰–¤l÷ûWX\l¾Á¸góÉOÔ /óñB¤f¸çñ[.P˜ZsÊË*ßT܈§QN¢’¡¨§V¼(Üù*eÕ“”5T¨‹Âê¥FŒã½Dü[8'Ò¥a…Ú¶k7a
*•›¼'Ò·\8¨ª\@\õ¢¦íq+DÙrmÎ…_ªæ»ŠÓœ¡¯’Ré9MÅ×D™lælffc+ŒÑ,ý™ÿ ¯þǤ=Å’Á7µ÷ÚÛ/“Ü
€ñýã¼àí¾ÕÑ+ƒ,uµMâÀÄbm:ÒÎPæ{˜Gz[ƒ¯«® KHà`ßØŠéí¯P8Aq.C‰ à€kòpj´kN¶qô€…Õ,ÜNŠª-­{Zö’æû44‰sŽè‰îVíRœÕm"
6?³D9¡ÇTíÅꋇ`4«¸ÝÁô ï’ýorqКÇZ«x4Žâéþuïf¹µö[P ,Q£éaX±`PÉÍZ ¸äYúgüAx
’6Lê‚xÝÓ*äQ
Ï’¨hÍ
=²,6ï#rÃ<¯–£»ƒ‹,–ê•€ aÛsñ'%Æ"®ÛüìBᝠHÚ3ß°©$“XnœÖ’î2ËTeûìxîß
¦å¿çÉ
ðK§þ{‘t‚Ϋ¬jéîZ[”š7L¥4VÚCE×]m¤Øy”ä4-dz£œ§¸x.*ã
ÊÊ b÷•h:©‡¦s`BTÁRû¾g⻩‹jø sF¢àJøFl‘È•Xᓁà~*j¯ +(ÚÕ6-£¯÷GŠØy‚<Ç’.F‹Hœw(+)ÜÜâÈzÄäT§FߘãÏ;DmVœ3Àu@mÚüXÝü•3B¨òÌÁÛ<·ÃÜz,Ì@õÅ·d2]ü8s÷IôÞ¯^Ç9¢u„~ëAŸï4«M?
K]­ÅàPl@s_ p:°¬ZR”´›JC[CS.h‹ƒïËœ«Æ]–÷ó‚wR×k7X‰k›‘´ù¦=¡«‰¨¨Â')—71ó’c‡Ðúµ
`é.{§p¹ój\Ž{1h{o±Ý=áUÊïGÖŒõ–-BÄm+AZX¶¡
ïHðæ¥JmÙ;…ä¡Ÿˆ¦ ° äšiÉg«$üMk5¤L“’çÊvïâï	,=f“"íἊ5ô¬x6{ɏžID0e¸vçmi'︧ºð9$ò¹÷*£’9ÿ ²TÔ…×>JV¥}Œ}$p[bÔ®*[jzS*8
”·T›Í–ñUîƒwo$áè=LT™ç—~ô·¤ÈÚ$榍q‰„+´kFm)ž‹©i–ËqÞŠ‰à¶ü( ‚•§ •°ò·‡#5ª•µÊ﯅¡X¨šÁ*F#TXJÊ
ušJVÍ&=iÄs1‚3•'fý§5Ñ<=[íÞ­
PÚ;ѱÌ_~Ä££8rÞ
²w;’hDT°>ÈG¬8Á²ÚzŽ®ò®qZcqJêäÞ-ö[ܘbň±çb“Š¶31²n×iƒðÕ;1¶þÉ
ªX‰,ßqÏ$>•î íZ¥Z 1{ç൵+ƒÕµ¥°T$§K]á»Ûï*·¤tMI’ÂZbŽÕiÒ˜}bÓ0£ª5›¨[5Ž^ÝœWøÂÝh°
¢OWun£¤5 a2Z.G2³YL]jåtì”
ä	ÁÓ‘%"©<ÔúÊ°sº UZvä‡ÄiÆÒM .÷V·™ø#kèýií<NçŽôª¦„lË»{ƒ®<
[¦Y‹éƒ}j•*‚±€I‡e&gbéšp9å^!®€ö?ù^àTzo@Q¨Aêœ& [”…üÔ}пF’Hq‚©´{“ëH·?.½%úå»É Á´9¿¼Ò‰Á¼Ì¥Ús¼zW¶aÃhwÖ…ÑÏ$mò´ë:×Ñγ|”x§
µ0Âз$·aÆn µ†šÇ³£‰Ì®ž
õ@kŽ«gtí䢩ÒP×5¤?µÿ m´Ì^ ‡8¸Á8‹”žÆWÑ ¡™„,Ì“»à‹ÃéV¸®á›ÐÇŽBÀ®Ã…Z”ØÛë8;é|Ñ5)7aÕ&2Ù¸÷©ö—Ð;‡¬7"¿"7M·d
ñœÒÌf5”ê ;"Ãp5¯¬3‹ùJÚÝG›½&¯<{òñKÎÖ“3:¦ÀòGPÅS¨;
à‘Ün´öpð±W)z'¬öÀÖ#Xf2& æ
Œ‹é¾"‹\!Ñ9…
0±2A›*ØMÄ $X
끫ØXÖ,X¥ ô'ËnFÍãlqJXçuaJ4¦„ëµ7ê;h"Zã¾Áä£,vÛ‹’N©E(Öu÷)…ÁaÜÇÔkˆ$‘1kmG¨øtÛ>Ì–ª)µT[)BˆõÑ
xB¾B€ÖT¨.¥~ð@VĶr#¸ü*åZNDŽH;âi 
],©£öØpù(šºãö¼T.uCê•4@ÿ GÕÛ)Cx›®0ø#:ÏðFÒbR\(€€Ä
®fã4Þ‰Fä¯HXƒÅ,†öEÑÔÜ]Öv²?tLÃvBY£ú6Êu5ÅAQ³1‘’¬x–HŒÐ‡ ^	¸KwJôÖŽ5×CÚ¨vÜ«/B0$×k°=ðbÇ(Ï)w±A†Á†	11Í=èQšµ626ŒÜ/`G«µ<}—-Ö7KEHÈÉðóȤmݱû±·ø«Snmá=“ä«šmݱŸ¡¶~ó·“äUóJæúòB|E LêŽy´jDÔ$G¢þÐñ7óR8ýÒ…Ç›	WVe#·Ÿ	p·Fx~•ݤF÷0Èÿ K¯æS<6’¡WШ
;´ÿ ¥Êø\Òuî†åÝ–VNœkÒ7oòX¨Á­Ø÷FÎÑä±g÷ÿ M~Çî=p,X´
ÝÌÚÅ‹
’ÃjÖ.ØöÏñ
qïQ¤ÓZE†° =6·]܈ s¸>v•Ž^Ý\wq9r‰Î\¸¡kURÒ$­*‹Nq?Þª*!sŠÆ:TU_u±T+øX¡
®¹¡,ÄâÃBTsÜ$Ø›4m椴zÜK]’’›Pƒ@€#â˜`é¹=I‡fiV•Ôî“nRm+µFPOhÍ0B£
€+¬5c
v•:P'ÒyÎ ‰V~‚Ó†ÖuókDoh$å\*ö%Ю=£«…aȼ½÷Û.-½VŒŠ¼'lyî±1¬3ó#ÞE¿ÔS¤gV£m›<HqÚ,sVºóÆß¼Hïô…¹…Méi‡Ò" µùEîØÏj|ÓøVOuœ"f’aÞÞëx…˜ÌO`dHHš×4K*H$‡5×
ÚÄ
Â×CUÅAŠŒsr»2°ÄÁiÚ±Çéõe•¶_SÕÆÃ3ˆ•-3´‘¸¡‡cgDîÚ¦ÃcX}'êûJè½9ñìÓ­ä±	×ÓûçÁmO”üVÞ¸÷¥ I~“ÒôhhûýÑwxlïZ¹G¡4ž=”)º£ò
®vÆŽ%UqÝ4qž©­hûÎí‡š§é1R±cÜèðà y' °ôy¦£q§Ýï¬;šÖõ„Sÿ ›  z('S†$Ï}*evÚ¾Kýº8ý
¨å	jÛ]´-‚6«¶ÖK+8ÊiS45jrœèËQDüDØ]R”˜SPÃ
xJÕl>
=§\û"—WU¤ÚǼÿ ÂnÁ
GŒÃ
‚õN	D³õNÚíŒÕ;HôyÄÈ©P¹Ä{:?R‘Ô¨âF÷ø£bÅó® JS|‚R÷ivýáâ€Æé¡è³´IئÑT!§˜•Øª‚¬â@q€wnïCWÄ@JU€ê¯m6]Ï:£âx
'+ÒðXvÓ¦Úm=–´7œ $ì“B£~p%ÕŸUþ« N@¼üï~w˜ñø5®—'Ôe»¤5ã//€ž~‰Tþ›Å7•#¤×Íö
pÄ$ùeåì*«ÓŠEØWEÈsßg¦ûvžSsLpºÊW–âµEWöˬH;™!CYõZÃÄf æ#1W.
\uWâ\,\Çfj’<qTbên›Î[vxx£ë 'ö¨1›˜ÀM¼Pÿ H)ƒêêŒA7s,|F“꺸k³9Ìö*ç®;Ö!Ö$Eiž•¹ÒÚ†ýóéÝû¾ÕS®ó$’NÝäŸz¤5r¦ãÄÃD÷Üø!°ø‡Ô&@m™Ì^Ãä­d	q5Lnÿ N;.6½·N|#ä"1Nƒx“ã<3('&ñß
t  ~ªu”1Tb㫨9ê–›–bìd$ߣ=#ÕãÒmU¯eí$EFù5ýYô櫨æ왍Ǘ±ssM]·á¿
0ÕåJRÓªîiƒ+O58ÖñªŠÒx"	\µâá¨i’¤i
—Ö
”
M+M¤ë9‚‰A¦°Qõ¾ßøK~¼Ã‘g…Ö´~÷Ï[3GUœÒ½#…kàÔ®Ò”‰³·dWV‰IP‰Ú8u¹”E
ÖqLj¾êÕCBš{A^Âß;–¨`¯¬ìö
˼	×tìø.tƐm*n¨y4o&Àx¥n¦×î‡aupáÛj8¿m›è¶ã!o½;ß0y^ý×^EÑ¿ÒjzŒ­)vÚÑnÄL
…^ªô× ‡—‚3k	Îý­hï]içå–îÏ*÷ñþ»Ô
CÒjøjÍznˆ´
¹#b'Fô‹
‰v¥'’à'T´ƒHýÍ%M‰ ƒ&ÆÇŒï1 ‘	–Þ
‰i¬s žR-Ÿ kŠ¬á¬7:þ 0ŒÅÒÕ/aÙ¬ÃÝ#Úøœ
©aiVc‰. ¹¦ãµ”
›Yg¦›ÆÎýº°f³7ƒhá·¸­}&D9¡ÂsÉÙÞèŠõØàC™¨ñbFC|´Ü(ŸƒÚÒ-%»'a	Ì¿)ËÇn¿úÿ ÞŽX…4ÊÅH^ôΑí@ù¹Eh¶“L8Çjù
¼ÎåVªóR©Ï5uÃ
V4lZß®=€xÖŸ–ÑÈ
÷”¨°¾__yM1tÉ?uÆþIkÄgæ@þ[¢†°XÃJ£j·:nkÅ¢u‘}âGzö­/IµèŠ¬¼48q¦F°ŽR¼=ûì{´¯RýicS
ÕÛ íNtÍÙï£,w4rêì®»~x(©Uñ§#Ñ&œÕ¤>ÎåÍÓ9’Ö{9eV­[Öjâ²ãu]˜å2›qÑšÕJç0€sÄ|Êëè0튔bÁ>“{×_F`Ø©ºê:µä,v¤ðfc1±"«ÔÍän1#=·
Âøv~H<Q-Ìk7Æ;•L´©ÙC°.7
¯hKL@ävÊâž$´4¸ð‚¦­R–ÂZ7ÕÃj±·¿rÓrªJ_PÕ.#g¤gÀ)©`ª<KžèÝ'ä©èÒ3rwû€Ø¦ÒƒLf¤
,¿I½{Ƕ8‘$KÝU/Oi>½ÐßA¾¿Ü€Óš]Õ; I¾÷ç‚Qi†î¹9ywÔKG˜áñ zQY—§ÃÕZ07§X‚Áh;ÁM)iÌCH-¯T‘ë|A0{Ò½LÚ–TâÖkÜ’dÀ“rmm»”جPF³ÖcbE§T€ÒxKºû’Ó®7±²(\4ŽÃ¸Uu@j™yĵ;³µ!Á¢b.W¤=mõ´êµKk
¸K^ÜÛ#p*Ü14qkZç5ïë†°5Ï%ÍÛ<Õ¤×Ô¥ê†C	Õ´¼ú$ƒÖ“”]Ù¬qÞÚ[4©ý!ûÏ—Áb쳐XµA¬â~`›Çr¸8ìùÝ䫦<>ä÷«?xs´ÇÑ	/á;¹øüÊÈÙà{"@Žïzâ¬[âß‚ U_<ÇŸ½4èN˜ú61®qŠu ¦þF£»äJ_ˆÙÎ~ ÞAã–Ý„Ï—rŠD;xTž‘ô`É«…suãO`?³à™ô
Lý#Íc5öoæØ‚y´´÷«ZR§<&JÇ+éâô´€i!Àˆ0æAoàðLèÖ-2ŸõW.’t^–(KÁmHµV@xÜÇy®Ñø­â^:Ú3w· 7½¹°ñ¸â¹®:',«Mœ—n­Á+Ãbš
LÈ‘ÄnRÓÅœ%¦²‰¨ùQ:¤f‚ "PÕtô¸…cæl…&˜Ú˜Ôkv‹ž+vŠ,=¢v­6—X
y*¥t£«<™:“aï<QÝ&Ó]i4音äzçáíHÚÕxcòãæäÝÔm퐡 `Â)C×ehÀdHP6ÅMEöZ®Í¨	é¾Tr뢘6*¶;´sÙì]ÊŽŽÛíÉwRÈ´up* Ã	‚m´:Û{·”MUë©õ̤êÔo7:ŽÕ
qÏ'E ˆk^uãT€$Ú$Æ{•ŸBP°al¾Ž©ŒÃ^}äA
,º­$Ü]ºÚ.í:‹¤ÜöXnno7X€¥BÂà ±1ã>Œºîϲ=¦6rO]XI¿Œ÷¤zÚ­›¶ 6÷”w\dü~v®ˆÌk«^m<ÿ ¢‰Õ\)ùºŽ;… lîÙÅEŠ®cѾ@vnMÏ,¼“
ñ•ŽBxðÃzãÇç%3ˆ"}Ù•Åî>
BÉú;Ò]V+P˜F_´ßé>
Øše|ï‡ÄOmFæÇ ãqÞ$/xÐx­z`ï9"œÜij‚!7.\Td…9M‡•iŽ‹¾‘50ÞŽn¥ß4ÉôO¹*í^QêËÜÇÌ8=Ž
§s‰'ÂëÙ«á%Pú[O
†ÅP¯VsŽ°.‰,kc¶ ¬A9n˜XÎ-ÞšN["¹QÕ‰ƒMýÁߺXJæÍaLj¾×Ãmã¾ãÚ uñÒþåQô¦¥
/ÄUx:‚ÍÜ’ Đ©ØÝ3V¨‰ÕnÐ6ó*óúK­«…c ¯U òhsý­jóÔj#,ímŒRµ«lbïUTŒÑ8†Ä0œÏr`ð¡¬É	Ї
ë"À²

™	6¥ f¶¢ÚoܱԷ-<Àî)†a¶ž'Ú»¨TXqØæ¶÷Y
ÄHy˜9ÈIW­YÀuMFë
ºÏ’AqÌ4·/Ú
†ô'i$øä­=Ä
Ý|öK×40è|È6p‘0§)o¥ctî§H+CA-“ xØ|ÐXŠç
l8íºð3Ø:³¤¬KX¯UÿÙ
.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.11 (Pod::Simple 3.35)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings.  \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote.  \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++.  Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available.  \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
.    ds -- \(*W-
.    ds PI pi
.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\"  diablo 12 pitch
.    ds L" ""
.    ds R" ""
.    ds C` ""
.    ds C' ""
'br\}
.el\{\
.    ds -- \|\(em\|
.    ds PI \(*p
.    ds L" ``
.    ds R" ''
.    ds C`
.    ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el       .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD.  Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
.    if \nF \{\
.        de IX
.        tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
.        if !\nF==2 \{\
.            nr % 0
.            nr F 2
.        \}
.    \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear.  Run.  Save yourself.  No user-serviceable parts.
.    \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
.    ds #H 0
.    ds #V .8m
.    ds #F .3m
.    ds #[ \f1
.    ds #] \fP
.\}
.if t \{\
.    ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
.    ds #V .6m
.    ds #F 0
.    ds #[ \&
.    ds #] \&
.\}
.    \" simple accents for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
.    ds ' \&
.    ds ` \&
.    ds ^ \&
.    ds , \&
.    ds ~ ~
.    ds /
.\}
.if t \{\
.    ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
.    ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
.\}
.    \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'
.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'
.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'
.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
.    \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
.    \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
.    ds : e
.    ds 8 ss
.    ds o a
.    ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
.    ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy
.    ds th \o'bp'
.    ds Th \o'LP'
.    ds ae ae
.    ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "DHPARAM 1"
.TH DHPARAM 1 "2016-09-22" "1.0.1u" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
dhparam \- DH parameter manipulation and generation
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl dhparam\fR
[\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-in\fR \fIfilename\fR]
[\fB\-out\fR \fIfilename\fR]
[\fB\-dsaparam\fR]
[\fB\-check\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-C\fR]
[\fB\-2\fR]
[\fB\-5\fR]
[\fB\-rand\fR \fIfile(s)\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fInumbits\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
This command is used to manipulate \s-1DH\s0 parameter files.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option uses an \s-1ASN1 DER\s0 encoded
form compatible with the PKCS#3 DHparameter structure. The \s-1PEM\s0 form is the
default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64 encoded with
additional header and footer lines.
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the 
\&\fB\-inform\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-in\fR \fIfilename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read parameters from or standard input if
this option is not specified.
.IP "\fB\-out\fR \fIfilename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies the output filename parameters to. Standard output is used
if this option is not present. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same
as the input filename.
.IP "\fB\-dsaparam\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dsaparam"
If this option is used, \s-1DSA\s0 rather than \s-1DH\s0 parameters are read or created;
they are converted to \s-1DH\s0 format.  Otherwise, \*(L"strong\*(R" primes (such
that (p\-1)/2 is also prime) will be used for \s-1DH\s0 parameter generation.
.Sp
\&\s-1DH\s0 parameter generation with the \fB\-dsaparam\fR option is much faster,
and the recommended exponent length is shorter, which makes \s-1DH\s0 key
exchange more efficient.  Beware that with such DSA-style \s-1DH\s0
parameters, a fresh \s-1DH\s0 key should be created for each use to
avoid small-subgroup attacks that may be possible otherwise.
.IP "\fB\-check\fR" 4
.IX Item "-check"
check if the parameters are valid primes and generator.
.IP "\fB\-2\fR, \fB\-5\fR" 4
.IX Item "-2, -5"
The generator to use, either 2 or 5. If present then the
input file is ignored and parameters are generated instead. If not
present but \fBnumbits\fR is present, parameters are generated with the
default generator 2.
.IP "\fB\-rand\fR \fIfile(s)\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file(s)"
a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fBRAND_egd\fR\|(3)).
Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "\fInumbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "numbits"
this option specifies that a parameter set should be generated of size
\&\fInumbits\fR. It must be the last option. If this option is present then
the input file is ignored and parameters are generated instead. If
this option is not present but a generator (\fB\-2\fR or \fB\-5\fR) is
present, parameters are generated with a default length of 2048 bits.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
this option inhibits the output of the encoded version of the parameters.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
this option prints out the \s-1DH\s0 parameters in human readable form.
.IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4
.IX Item "-C"
this option converts the parameters into C code. The parameters can then
be loaded by calling the \fBget_dh\fR\fInumbits\fR\fB()\fR function.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBdhparam\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.SH "WARNINGS"
.IX Header "WARNINGS"
The program \fBdhparam\fR combines the functionality of the programs \fBdh\fR and
\&\fBgendh\fR in previous versions of OpenSSL and SSLeay. The \fBdh\fR and \fBgendh\fR
programs are retained for now but may have different purposes in future 
versions of OpenSSL.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
\&\s-1PEM\s0 format \s-1DH\s0 parameters use the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN DH PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END DH PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
OpenSSL currently only supports the older PKCS#3 \s-1DH,\s0 not the newer X9.42
\&\s-1DH.\s0
.PP
This program manipulates \s-1DH\s0 parameters not keys.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
There should be a way to generate and manipulate \s-1DH\s0 keys.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBdsaparam\fR\|(1)
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The \fBdhparam\fR command was added in OpenSSL 0.9.5.
The \fB\-dsaparam\fR option was added in OpenSSL 0.9.6.